Creating vape liquid is very empirical but some calculations can be derived to determine various amounts. Typically creating vape liquid relies on mixing VG, PG along with psychotropic substances such as nicotine or CBD. In such cases, one might want to estimate the concentration of the psychotropic substances given a vape substance mixture.

For instance, assume that 5mg of 70/30 VG/PG substance is mixed with 5mg of pure nicotine then one of the questions would be how much total nicotine will there be present both expressed in weight and in percentage of the total liquid.

First, let's compute the 70/30 VG/PG mixture components as an expression of weight for both VG and PG:

Mixing in the nicotine, we obtain the total weight of the substance as :

One easy way of converting to percentages is to make the right hand part of the equation become 100 numerically. This can be done by multiplying both the left and right part of the equation by . Since we are converting to percentages, the weight indicator should be dropped from the equation:

In other words the substance mix will contain:

• 35% VG,
• 15% PG and,
• 50% nicotine

if one were to mix 1 part 70/30 vape base and 1 part nicotine.

In principle, the base composed of VG and PG is all that is needed in order to generate the smoke (VG in particular) such that it can be seen as a carrier whilst any other substance can be mixed as long as it is not toxic to be inhaled. Borrowing from cigarettes, the idea behind vaping is that the absorption of various substances through the lungs is the most efficient way to inject a substance into the bloodstream next to injecting the substance directly into the bloodstream. This means that any substance that is safe or safe in moderation to add to the bloodstream is also safe to inhale. Here are some ideas:

• cannabis, CBD and non-THC extracts where it is a non-controlled substance, that are smoked might just as well be vaped,
• alcohol - even though, most online experimentation with "vaping" compound substances such as "whiskey", it might be far more efficient to go for Ethanol, diluted via a VG/PG base in order to very quickly achieve the effects of being drunk (also far safer than vaporizing "whiskey" that contains tertiary compounds that are there due to decantation of vegetal compounds that might only be safe to ingest),
• medication & medicine, perhaps a way to cure throat pains elegantly by vaporizing very low dosages of painkillers (an avenue to be explored) but insufficient to paralyze the lungs,
• compensatory for people with asthma,

while glycerine / glycol is a base that is used even for IV drips as a neutral substance that is safe to be used in the bloodstream.

In order to remove the sweetness of vegetable glycol or propylen glycol, some pure and unsweetened lemon juice can be used to dilute the mix. Depending on the chosen base, the following is a table summarizing some mixtures that seem to achieve removing the sweetness from the base. The idea is to obtain a substance that will become a carrier for whatever flavor will be added as well to generate vapor.

Base	Mixture

One of the problems that is characteristic about discharging a large battery through a flimsy resistor is that a lot of thermal energy will be dispensed and, as vape devices are currently built, the tank will be the first object that will absorb all that energy. In particular, the Vegetable glycol (VG) substance seems to have a larger viscosity than the propylen glycol (PG) such that if VG is used more, the tank will have a large thermal mass at the tip that will not cool that easily. In turn, when the vape tank heats up, the heat tends to dissipate over the entire vaping device via the connector that is usually made out of materials that conduct heat.

The effect of vaping with an overheated tank is that the user will get a dry and hot hit that will also distort the flavors contained within the tank. Even if that were tolerable, a different problem is that the heat will dissipate over the electronics and over the batteries, components that are by definition not meant to be heated up. Typically what the user does is to lower the wattage and continue vaping but with a smaller power in order to ride the overheated tank.

Even if it is rare, a good solution to both protect your vaping device as well as contain the heat to the tank, is to look for a heatsink. These heatsinks are typically available depending on what the vape connector standard is (ie: 510) and they extend the vape tank a little fitting between the tank and the vaping device. For high-wattage vaping, over where the heat feels like it is testing the materials involved, it is a really really good idea to get a heatsink.