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fuss:tor [2015/01/09 05:34] – external edit 127.0.0.1fuss:tor [2024/03/30 16:31] (current) – [Monitoring tor Instances using Expect] office
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 +====== Speed ======
 +
 +Some optimisations are possible, for example:
 +<code bash>
 +AvoidDiskWrites 1 # Avoids writing to HDD (obviously)
 +DisableAllSwap 1 # Keeps everything in memory as much as possible
 +HardwareAccel 1 # Enables hardware acceleration for generating crypto keys
 +AccelName rsax # RSA Engine
 +LearnCircuitBuildTimeout 1 # Enables circuit learning
 +CircuitBuildTimeout 4 # Try 4 seconds before abandoning to build a circuit 
 +KeepalivePeriod 10 # Keep alive for pesky firewalls
 +NewCircuitPeriod 30 # Build a new circuit every 30 seconds
 +NumEntryGuards 8 # Keep 8 entry guards alive
 +StrictNodes 1 # Respect node exclusions
 +SafeSocks 1 # Use properly configured socks5 proxies
 +##
 +# These settings will allow single-hope circuits and defeat the 
 +# purpose of staying anonymous. On the other hand, they will make 
 +# Tor noticeably faster. If your unique concern is hiding your 
 +# IP, then you can enable them at the expense of anonymity.
 +AllowSingleHopCircuits 1
 +ExcludeSingleHopRelays 0
 +FastFirstHopPK 0
 +##
 +MaxCircuitDirtiness 300 # Cycles proxies every 5 minutes
 +LongLivedPorts 80,443 # heh . . . xD
 +NumCPUs 2 # number of CPUs to use
 +ClientUseIPv6 1 # Set to 1, "Tor might connect to entry nodes over IPv6". 
 +</code>
 +
 +In order to make ''TOR'' faster, you can exclude some countries from the list of nodes that ''TOR'' will proxy though. The list below is the entry that you will have to add to ''/etc/tor/torrc''.
 +
 +<code bash>
 +ExitNodes {hk},{kr},{jp},{lv},{ro},{be},{ch},{bg},{il},{sg},{tw},{ad},{lu},{mo}
 +</code>
 +
 +Then you can perform your own speed tests and start to eliminate countries that are slow for you. A good resource is the [[http://www.netindex.com/download/allcountries/|net index by ookla]] which provides a very generalised overview of internet quality based on upload and download statistics.
 +
 +===== Systematic Approach =====
 +
 +''TOR'' tries to build a circuit in the time specified by the setting:
 +<code bash>
 +CircuitBuildTimeout 4 # Try 4 seconds before abandoning to build a circuit
 +</code>
 +
 +Ideally, if you want to determine what the best routes are for you, you would set ''CircuitBuildTimeout'' to ''1''. Then you would restart ''TOR'' and try to connect to ''www.google.com''. You will be redirected to a ''TLD'', for example ''www.google.gn''. You make a note of the speed and then restart ''TOR'' and browse to ''www.google.com'' again. If you repeat this several times and ''www.google.com'' redirects to ''www.google.gn'' you can assume that you have found a very fast path and you can take ''{gn}'' off the ''ExcludeNodes'' list.
 +
 +After that, increase ''CircuitBuildTimeout'' to ''2'' and repeat the procedure above. For many requests and for small values of ''CircuitBuildTimeout'', you will find the shortest paths and the ''TLD''s can be taken out of the ''ExcludeNodes'' lines.
 +
 +A combination between this procedure and [[http://www.netindex.com/download/allcountries/|net index by ookla]] should give you very good results. This was tested and from a crawling ''TOR'' that would load google in 10 or more seconds, we brought it down to barely noticeable speed. There were also no upstream proxies, and even if they were, the countless reloads should have compensated for them.
 +
 +Also note that the ''CircuitBuildTimeout'' has a direct relation to your privacy since you will find the shortest circuits using this method, but you will also end up using them frequently. However, it will still mask your IP address and if that is your unique consideration, then you can safely set ''CircuitBuildTimeout'' to ''1''.
 +
 +===== Speed Patches =====
 +
 +These are various patches, hacking around tor (most likely breaking anonymity in favor of speed). The patches are against the git version but similar code can be found in the release versions.
 +
 +==== Close Nodes ====
 +
 +tor defines the option ''EnforceDistinctSubnets'' (and enabled by default) in order to not build a circuit through a ''/16'' netmask. This patch changes that restriction to a ''/24'' netmask (''255.255.255.0'').
 +
 +<code diff>
 +--- src/or/nodelist.c~ 2013-07-04 08:14:35.000000000 +0100
 ++++ src/or/nodelist.c 2013-07-15 22:20:39.000000000 +0100
 +@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@
 + addrs_in_same_network_family(const tor_addr_t *a1,
 +                              const tor_addr_t *a2)
 + {
 +-  return 0 == tor_addr_compare_masked(a1, a2, 16, CMP_SEMANTIC);
 ++  return 0 == tor_addr_compare_masked(a1, a2, 24, CMP_SEMANTIC);
 + }
 + 
 + /** Return true if <b>node</b>'s nickname matches <b>nickname</b>
 +
 +</code>
 +
 +This can be found in ''routerlist.c'' on tor version ''0.2.3.25''.
 +
 +==== Circuit Length ====
 +
 +Allow ''2''-hop circuits instead of ''3''. It is not clearly defined how many hops will protect your anonymity (except for the general "the more, the merrier" guideline). So, why not use ''2'' hops instead of ''3'' - or increase this value for longer circuits.
 +
 +<code diff>
 +--- src/or/or.h 2013-07-10 06:12:22.000000000 +0100
 ++++ src/or/or.h~ 2013-07-10 06:09:02.000000000 +0100
 +@@ -4153,7 +4153,7 @@
 + /********************************* circuitbuild.c **********************/
 + 
 + /** How many hops does a general-purpose circuit have by default? */
 +-#define DEFAULT_ROUTE_LEN 3
 ++#define DEFAULT_ROUTE_LEN 2
 + 
 + /* Circuit Build Timeout "public" structures. */
 + 
 +
 +</code>
 +
 +====== Bad Nodes ======
 +
 +There is an ''.onion'' website that advertises itself as a judge of bad nodes, it can be found at: 
 +
 +  * http://xqz3u5drneuzhaeo.onion/users/badtornodes/ (darknet)
 +  * http://torstatus.blutmagie.de/index.php (clearnet)
 +
 +and they can be used to generate ''ExcludeNodes'' and ''ExcludeExitNodes'' configuration lines for Tor - obviously, you cannot be sure whether these generators are trustworthy.
 +
 +===== Last Update: March 10, 2012 =====
 +
 +The following is a generated list of fingerprints that are deemed to be misbehaving. The site above was last active on March 10, 2012 so this list may be outdated. The two lists below should be added to the Tor configuration file:
 +
 +<code>
 +## Bad Nodes
 +ExcludeNodes $c730f00eb35eddf4f9b99c957f3c16656e5ca29c, $354e2ed163ba928e2e5f40819f6df2b97988df73, $bbefffa108ad16b8e5f0323cf086811c17190bba, $f941e14100a9a9b00cbeb55c72dfa211ef98bdf2, $0ddd660e450f8aa852226a28b5bfcaa914911e30, $a75bea3bf10978ecf210b7651b19bfe3f70e7fe1, $29d05c706c12baa12ae889caf81554d266948f79, $cff48861e1a2774bf0d483998198cfecea9ff477, $79b8ad256fb269416747697be0e854f84442efe9, $b827f69101b71c05a956bfead8ad152b6541223e, $85173744907a6599c9f718bebd51353c5a094d49, $daf53151f62800e34a398e7cc3416b935deb546c, $1d6deac8364d9d6c42cc4fb83c364c7b71ae8691, $2bc4012f2193cb92b9995f42e987ba0044098b30, $91ede73fb8c2edca41ffc86539f36213844376c4, $5d84518804ab4b032531b2647603fe1c5e569c26, $4205c064e59aaafeadd2ace80d705183c4f2758a, $14f04a0861b913bfcac1eabac74a1f47bdf41f3a, $1f9803d6ade967718912622ac876feef1088cfaa, $eda829cba890bbb30fe5be04779d83044126ba67, $fe0551589d19dcbeb193fe78a9a003a8a2fc09aa, $6c7c819f808ac125c69e1d981f350dcba44da8b5, $35bdc6486420efd442c985d8d3c074988bfe544b, $43be706e24143ab6b3b86dbf7cd4fde1e0c4caf1, $103827708bd078eec737137585eccb5bcea6424b, $8ff73b8fbfbf2ccb52a8e46a515418f97a69c812, $f2244a8d5da14359cda1dab70f328e62e74e9837, $c9be2c39ca4e6f120293c80d2cbe2bc34f3a1f30, $bcc93397b50c1ac75c94452954a5bcda01f47215, $ee25656d71db9a82c8efd8c4a99ddbec89f24a67, $1b777f2c879c76fc529d1ec63508aad0e1759e79
 +
 +## Exit Nodes
 +ExcludeExitNodes $36ddc2eb59a84da313112cae186ecef4acbfcfd5, $5eb6c2094c4ac42d3fbd1cba25fc3b4196e2ff83, $94d587cd723e3def95616fc75489c45303df9aed, $55ea8b4b1c8f066baf7c2979ddfd00f8276038f4, $ea23975f961ac2b8941ca52da67efb1cbfca18ab, $0a35553a4aa10831f3f2143eacc8539632d9541c, $c813d142c092ac01f2f20970dba7086b8a7e52a3, $eeefcb3d12571e00d96286e65dea2ae6b40e73b4, $4d13bb7a08e14952e346cfbcb3cf5c45bb228cf4, $bbc05ff7c09b6a0122861d5ac7fea75b89d7212c, $9c8bb2a38d99283c4acefb1ad4f52a23413787d6, $7c18ee0cb68a259ba6ce0001f2f7b8180a875a6d, $0343fa5be98bb751492244bcd211d493e6340f9a, $76d583de43c20d7e05f5e5e878591e40cba5353a, $3df610e0a277f7d90f3ee7192dbb08caff3727ee, $e1cd3b6c24700e1aa236295ddba2c84a0fea7a67, $9dd7f70e41bebf8f3cb5a2419643ce108d9b69e6, $5168ba1a59afa8557cfc521b5f547c3891eaf106, $d63587fd607aed803cd8ced9ddb5076f99752c65, $19a564c7856788f9bf3004e099d864a7802502a9, $47bbde163dc80f5f5e666698ab4b97900dcff929, $acbacb92581c078cc6e285075cfef467e9ccf76a, $7aa23f871264e0d006ec12ef9eb229a2015023fc, $5af9d6f4ca429110a3504742ae7852eba2aad64b, $405b07b30586bc5ddef77f4f3b8d831ccb0e541b, $cb982649a0785639a3891e89d4e165a44ad3f60b, $c44fa995abb9c18969464cc479d3d722250a9ecb, $59e87afdb5d3effce63afdfa3c0b00eb8d07db82, $e566ad3c6fc7dea0a3356ddfbb6b57ca79d74cd6, $a3931b4c5a41cdef29987351d541e424e4a5b77f, $ce57a98cec55c767c1dab14507915b893b8b777d, $c647d56c900ceea91eee2d3249ef949e29dc57e8, $afb32eead177efc7d2bd1ae7b890dae448c60237, $bce9ebe70016fb4c54ed549c4d8f035d7888d04c, $c7d92fc915f118b7b75e137f11a29413158bd2b5, $7e0b691c7b6f48304a31098cf6a12c502f1c45ab, $9f6589962c1f58478a38d4da85d36c81fdb8c0a0, $726df9cede96a3e70282234fccf827e435291853, $14153d9bfdd77e477ff5bb5f7b87af4f581f6285, $c53c81a5c6c89903acacb0db1c8e2b6c91c074a3, $471886434d7abdb62c216217c2b50cb50ebec6b3, $f19aeeccf966e49b9eef429e43c8cf9362edeacd, $e2f501df1c17737bddf155b9f57612a09bfc1ef8, $90804a60f89789d44a16a88596598fbc8f5e177b, $eee5603baca71acc9d7634e6ffd824003f3fdc39, $1d61e0b75e8e127693bf2dc1f2904b58f50249d9, $bc808734c6c7a166403c69f8f42a5b6ef8065f8c, $97400af2a769188357f9198a9da584531c6b7ce6, $019ef7dbc8d67ccca755128ef73d118e381e09ec, $d587010aac789741178b435fae48c6624c3d502c, $df94ad444c1d0a1060c8ba1114245798687ad3a7, $1bd40c7a3a4d1e5c8285d9e5695ea3f21a3951e0, $84ca95a4d9e824c6f9662711b887433525760f72, $ad1dab3a9fcb6ec81a518c4bb98f28e8faeea1ac, $11d3c5445af4d57a65551affc8469e11659daa35, $510adf1cc8e0d9ba763afc8e018c3d83e5f055a8, $ec714625c4ffc32e22b67dc425d336de00b3bd8b, $8bb21f7686ae18672debcdfe0892b6f0b280e75e, $2a4ea2effa76c10779ae06d1f14a8c835f7abe2f, $e9d9e02eda5419dae55ee381367b261f7dd31f6e, $1e8a60cbf29f2b35071442a4bb57b8eb47a8b947, $a06fb187d6d88edaffc878eb6f1df0c5b59aa333, $7eaa3c48a3483ac67d81816d356cd7d04d7fd1db, $ab674b8bd8cc779c581f25e0da86612f000c8b26, $ac51642fa7a01c47b66f9747abb41a2bc07c41f4, $e63337786b7e1fb2480e798c0a6c951e2d56e913, $01e80769f0739b5fe49ba0343e7f0249350a0bd6, $8bd75f9675f0b87496e89e4025558c45ba75123c, 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 +</code>
 +
 +an effective solution is to add the ''StrictNodes 1'' option to the Tor configuration file as well to ensure that these nodes are never used.
 +
 +====== Enable Hardware Acceleration ======
 +
 +To get list of engines, first issue:
 +<code bash>
 +openssl engine
 +</code>
 +
 +which will output a list of engines:
 +<code>
 +(aesni) Intel AES-NI engine
 +(rsax) RSAX engine support
 +</code>
 +
 +Then, edit ''/etc/tor/torrc'' and add the following directives:
 +<code>
 +HardwareAccel 1
 +AccelName aesni
 +</code>
 +
 +in order to use a given engine.
 +
 +Under FreeBSD, you should load the ''cryptodev'' module:
 +<code bash>
 +kldload cryptodev
 +</code>
 +
 +which should give you access to the ''cryptodev'' FreeBSD engine. You can make loading the module automatic by loading it from ''loader.conf''.
 +
 +
 +
 +====== Updated Debian Packages ======
 +
 +To install the latest Debian package from ''torproject.org'', first create a file at ''/etc/apt/sources.list.d/tor.list'' with the following contents:
 +<code>
 +deb http://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org stable main
 +</code>
 +
 +After that, import the GPG key for the repository by issuing the following commands:
 +<code bash>
 +gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv 886DDD89
 +gpg --export A3C4F0F979CAA22CDBA8F512EE8CBC9E886DDD89 | apt-key add -
 +</code>
 +
 +Now update the sources list:
 +<code bash>
 +aptitude update
 +</code>
 +
 +and upgrade:
 +<code bash>
 +aptitude upgrade
 +</code>
 +
 +====== Compile a Static Tor ======
 +
 +First download the relevant packages:
 +
 +  * Tor
 +  * OpenSSL
 +
 +to, say ''/usr/src''. Then compile OpenSSL:
 +<code bash>
 +./config ec_nistp_64_gcc_128 shared zlib-dynamic --openssldir=/usr/local/openssl
 +</code>
 +Note that ''ec_nistp_64_gcc_128'' enables elliptic-curve cryptography and it can be used by Tor.
 +
 +then you may need to run:
 +<code bash>
 +make depend
 +</code>
 +
 +and then to compile issue:
 +<code bash>
 +make
 +</code>
 +
 +and finally:
 +<code bash>
 +make install
 +</code>
 +
 +which will place openssl into ''/usr/local/openssl''.
 +
 +The next step is to compile tor statically:
 +<code bash>
 +./configure --prefix=/usr 
 +            --sysconfdir=/etc 
 +            --localstatedir=/var \
 +            --enable-upnp  \
 +            --enable-nat-pmp \
 +            --enable-bufferevents \
 +            --enable-static-openssl \
 +            --with-openssl-dir=/usr/local/openssl \
 +            --enable-static-libevent \
 +            --with-libevent-dir=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu
 +</code>
 +
 +In case ''--enable-static-tor'' is enabled then ''tor'' may bomb out with: ''configure: WARNING: Could not find a linkable openssl.'' which does not seem to go away.
 +
 +====== Increase Logging ======
 +
 +When debugging Tor, in particular client transport plugins it is sometimes useful to increase logging in order to determine the cause for something not working right.
 +
 +Locate the configuration line starting with ''Log'' and change the next parameter ''notice'' to ''debug''. For example, change:
 +<code>
 +Log notice syslog
 +</code>
 +to:
 +<code>
 +Log debug syslog
 +</code>
 +
 +The previous configuration line will turn on debug logging and will send all messages to the system log.
 +
 +====== Load-Balancing Multiple Tor Instances via HAProxy ======
 +
 +When running multiple Tor instances, it is possible to load-balance the traffic over all Tor instances whilst having a single SOCKS entry point.  For instance the proxy chaining page shows [[/networking/proxy_chaining|a configuration that leverages squid and polipo instances]] in order to load balance the traffic accross multiple Tor instances whilst the [[/linux/running_multiple_instances_of_a_daemon|multiple instances page]] demonstrates how to run the same program multiple times while maintaining System D compatibility.
 +
 +Nevertheless, there are simpler setups possible by using HAProxy that is able to load balance across multiple SOCKS servers. By contrast, ''privoxy'' is a smaller proxy but uses pattern matching to spread the traffic over backends without actually being able to load-balance over multiple SOCKS connections.
 +
 +<ditaa>
 +                                  . multiple Tor instances
 +                                  .
 +                             +---------+
 +        +---------+     +----+   Tor   |
 +        |         |    /     +---------+
 + SOCKS--+ HAProxy +---+           .
 +        |         |    \     +---------+
 +        +---------+     +----+   Tor   |
 +                             +---------+
 +                                 .
 +                                 .
 +</ditaa>
 +
 +Assuming that multiple Tor instances are set up to listen to an array of ports, HAProxy can be set up with the following minimal configuration changes:
 +<code>
 +defaults
 +        mode tcp
 +        option redispatch
 +
 +listen socks5-balance
 +        bind    0.0.0.0:9050
 +        balance leastconn
 +
 +server socks5-1 127.0.0.1:9051 check
 +server socks5-2 127.0.0.1:9052 check
 +
 +</code>
 +
 +The configuration declares two upstream proxies on ''127.0.0.1'' and listening on port ''9051'' respectively ''127.0.0.1'' and listening on port ''9052'', listens on ''0.0.0.0'' on port ''9050'' and will proxy all traffic between the declared SOCKS servers with the following options:
 +  * ''balance leastconn'' - the balancing method chosen in ''leastconn'' that will attempt to distribute the load across the two declared SOCKS proxies. However, ''leastconn'' relies on log-term connections in order to distribute weights across the SOCKS servers such that ''roundrobin'' could have been chosen instead.
 +  * ''option redispatch'' - makes HAProxy retry proxies in case one of the backends fail.
 +
 +Finally, by pointing an application at the HAProxy port ''9050'', the connection should be spread amongst the declared SOCKS backend servers. Depending on the distribution configuration, the log files can be observed to make sure that the traffic is properly redirected.
 +
 +====== Monitoring Tor Instances with Monit ======
 +
 +Tor can be elaborately monitored and restarted automatically in case it is necessary to ensure that tor instances stay up and running. Aside from the usual check that the tor OR port is available at a given address, an ''expect''-like script can be embedded inside the monit template in order to additionally check that tor has an established circuit and is not indefinitely stuck.
 +
 +First, a tor password must be generated in order to be able to access the tor control port by using the following command:
 +<code bash>
 +tor --hash-password "tor"
 +</code>
 +which will result in a password generated on the standard output:
 +<code>
 +16:9F840FFC85EF83CE60469C431DC9FF43DB889305B7653C2CB653302594
 +</code>
 +
 +The password will then be added to the tor configuration:
 +<code>
 +ControlPort 0.0.0.0:8051
 +HashedControlPassword 16:9F840FFC85EF83CE60469C431DC9FF43DB889305B7653C2CB653302594
 +</code>
 +
 +With the configuration in place, tor is restarted and the following monit configuration is created:
 +<code>
 +###########################################################################
 +##  Copyright (C) Wizardry and Steamworks 2023 - License: GNU GPLv3      ##
 +###########################################################################
 +
 +check process tor-01 with pidfile /var/run/tor-instances/01/tor.pid
 +   start program  "/bin/systemctl restart tor@01"
 +   stop program  "/bin/systemctl stop tor@01"
 +   if failed host 127.0.0.1 port 9051 type tcp then restart
 +   if failed host 127.0.0.1 port 8051 type tcp and
 +      # password is: tor surrounded by quotes 0x22
 +      send "AUTHENTICATE \0x22tor\0x22\n"
 +         expect "250 OK"
 +      send "GETINFO status/circuit-established\n"
 +         expect "250-status/circuit-established=1"
 +      retry 1
 +      timeout 5 seconds
 +      then restart
 +
 +</code>
 +that will restart tor in case a circuit is not built within two minutes (60 seconds standard monit check time and times two for one more retry).
 +
 +====== Monitoring tor Instances using Expect ======
 +
 +A more versatile variation of the [[/fuss/tor#monitoring_tor_instances_with_monit|monit tor monitoring system]] is to use good old "expect" in order to make sure that tor has an established circuit and to take action.
 +
 +<code>
 +#!/usr/bin/expect -f
 +###########################################################################
 +##  Copyright (C) Wizardry and Steamworks 2024 - License: MIT            ##
 +###########################################################################
 +# This is an "expect" script that checks whether tor has established a    #
 +# circuit and sets the return status depending on whether it has or not.  #
 +#                                                                         #
 +# In other words, iff. the script returns 0, then tor has an established  #
 +# circuit; otherwise no circuit has been established.                     #
 +#                                                                         #
 +# Requirements:                                                           #
 +#   * expect (TCL program)                                                #
 +#   * tor must expose a control port and must have a control password     #
 +#                                                                         #
 +# In order to generate a control password, issue: tor --hash-password PWD #
 +# where PWD is the desired control port password. After that, amend the   #
 +# tor configuration file to set the control port address, port and pass:  #
 +#                                                                         #
 +# ControlPort 0.0.0.0:8051                                                #
 +# HashedControlPassword 16:A482ADEAAWF43EE...                             #
 +#                                                                         #
 +# Running: ./this-script ADDRESS PORT PASSWORD                            #
 +# where:                                                                  #
 +#   * ADDRESS is the tor listening control address,                       #
 +#   * PORT is the tor listening control port,                             #
 +#   * PASSWORD is the plaintext control password                          #
 +#                                                                         #
 +# after which the return status can be checked on the shell with:         #
 +# echo $?                                                                 #
 +###########################################################################
 +
 +set address [lindex $argv 0];
 +set port [lindex $argv 1];
 +set password [lindex $argv 2];
 +
 +set timeout 5
 +spawn telnet $address $port
 +
 +send "AUTHENTICATE \"$password\"\n"
 +expect "250 OK\r\n"
 +send "GETINFO status/circuit-established\n"
 +expect {
 +    timeout {
 +        exit 1
 +    }
 +    -ex "250-status/circuit-established=1\r\n250 OK\r\n"
 +}
 +
 +</code>
  
fuss/tor.1420781648.txt.bz2 · Last modified: 2015/10/06 05:19 (external edit)
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